| 1 |
Author(s):
Mohammed, M..
Page No : 1-5
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AN APPRAISAL OF SURFACE IRRIGATION WATER QUALITY IN SOME SELECTED IRRIGATION PROJECTS IN GOMBE STATE NIGERIA
Abstract
An appraisal of surface irrigation water quality of the three irrigation projects in each of the senatorial districts of Gombe State, Nigeria was conducted. Water samples were collected from each of the three (Dadin-Kowa, Balanga and Nafada) irrigation project areas which served as the principal water sources for irrigation. The water samples’ pH, sodium, calcium, magnesium, chlorine, carbonate, bicarbonate, sodium ion adsorption ratio, total hardness, total alkalinity, total dissolved solids (TDS) and the residual sodium carbonate were among the parameters analyzed. The result obtained showed that from Dadin-Kowa irrigation project, the mean values of pH, TDS, EC., Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, C1- and HCO3 were 7.03, 0.70, 0.10, 1.3, 0.18, 0.18, 0.07 and 0.10 respectively. Results from Balanga irrigation project, showed that the mean values of pH, TDS, EC, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, C1- and HCO3, were 7.02, 0.62, 0.02, 1.98, 0.22, 0.30, 0.76 and 0.06 respectively. While results from Nafada irrigation project showed that the mean values of pH, TDS, EC., Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, C1-and HCO3 were 7.10, 0.69, 0.13,1.74, 0.17, 0.21, 0.76 and 0.03 respectively. It was concluded that the results obtained from the three sources indicated that the parameters obtained are within the acceptable range for irrigation, as provided by FAO and therefore recommended for irrigation.
| 2 |
Author(s):
Aboshio, N., Dan’azumi, S..
Page No : 6-13
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ANALYSIS OF HEAVY METALS POLLUTION OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT ON RIVER KADUNA
Abstract
The study analyzed the level of heavy metals pollution from industrial effluents on River Kaduna within Kaduna metropolis in Northern Nigeria. River Kaduna is used for many purposes including irrigation, fishing and water supply. Sampling was conducted in December and February. Wastewater samples at the point of discharge into the river were collected and analyzed. The range of temperature, conductivity, pH, DO, Cd, Fe, Zn, Cr, and Pb in December along River Kaduna at different sampling points were 26ºC, 120.1-480.6 μS/cm, 6.4-6.9, 2.92-8.64, 0.0020-0.0266, 0.11-6.28, 1.54-1.60, 0.33-0.34 and 0.0316-0.1225 mg/l respectively. Similarly, the range of temperature, conductivity, pH, DO, Cd, Fe, Zn, Cr, and Pb in February along the river at different sampling points were 26-27ºC, 100.8-322.0 μS/cm, 8.74-9.61, 6.0-7.64, 0.0011-0.0289, 0.12-3.28, 1.47-1.48, 0.31-0.35 and 0.0489-0.1606 mg/l respectively. It was observed that the level of heavy metals Zn, Cr and Pb in the Kaduna River have exceeded the maximum permissible limit (MPL) given by the National Environmental Standard and Regulatory Enforcement Agency (NESREA) and WHO for irrigation and drinking purposes. However, the level of Cd and Fe are within the MPL given by NESREA and WHO. Also there is no significant variation in the discharge of these pollutants between December 2012 and February 2013. As the treatment given to the raw water is the conventional water treatment, there is tendency of these pollutants to persist in water and its uptake may cause long term health problems.
| 3 |
Author(s):
Shu’aibu, D.S., Adamu, S.S..
Page No : 14-23
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DEVELOPMENT OF MAGNETIC LEVITATION SYSTEM USING PHASE LEAD CONTROLLER
Abstract
This paper primarily presents detailed development of magnetic levitation system which can be used in laboratory for levitation experiments. A non-linear system was found to be highly unstable in nature, magnetic levitation system was found to be one of the non-linear systems. In this paper, mathematical model of the system is derived and system transfer function is obtained from the co-energy. The mathematical model of the system showed that, the system is highly non-linear and inherently unstable. A root locus technique was employed in order to design a suitable controller for the system. The performance of the designed controller is investigated using the available control tool box in Matlab®. The controller is then practically implemented using a simple circuit. The developed controller stabilizes the system and is able to levitate many hollow weights of different masses at various distances.
| 4 |
Author(s):
Idris, A., Waziri, M.I., Abdulfatah, A.Y, Umar, M..
Page No : 24-27
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MODELLING AND PREDICTION OF COMPACTION PARAMETERS BASED ON ATTERBERG LIMITS AND CLAY CONTENT
Abstract
This study focused on using a modeling technique to determine the soil compaction parameters from Atterberg limits and clay content. Soil samples were collected from various locations in Kano-Nigeria and their compaction and other properties determined. Statistical techniques were employed to relate these properties. The results of the study show that the soils maximum dry density (MDD) and their optimum moisture content (OMC) can be estimated from the soils Atterberg limits and the fine particle contents. The current study has shown an improvement over other existing models by given a better correlation among the parameters modeled.
| 5 |
Author(s):
Abubakar, M.S., Zakari, M.D., Shanono, N.J..
Page No : 28-33
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EVALUATION OF BOREHOLES PERFORMANCE IN MAIDUGURI METROPOLITAN, BORNO STATE-NIGERIA
Abstract
Water is life as an adage saying, therefore reliable water source is necessary for development. This study aimed to evaluate the performance (yield) of some selected boreholes in Maiduguri metropolitan, and analyze (identify) the factors responsible for low yield and failures of the boreholes. A total of fifty (50) boreholes were selected in the study area. The study includes among others the determination of the general performance of the selected boreholes, analyzing and investigating the various causes of their abandonment and/or poor performance of those boreholes at various locations. Result revealed that 64% of the boreholes were productive while 36% were abandoned. Among the productive ones, it was further found out that their performances were above 50% efficiency. The observed failures were due to hydrogeological, technical/constructional and operations/maintenance factors. Based on the findings, suggestions were made with a view to provide lasting solutions to the failures so that the supply can meet the demand of the increasing population and that of industrial and agricultural development.
| 6 |
Author(s):
Alhassan, H.M..
Page No : 34-41
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TEMPORAL TRENDS IN PEDESTRIAN CHARACTERISTICS
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine pedestrian flow parameters needed in the design of pedestrian facilities. The study also modelled the flow parameters towards understanding pedestrian interaction problems especially with regards to their congestion and evacuation needs. Twenty-five locations across Kano metropolis were selected for study, thirteen locations from the city district while twelve sites were chosen from the Waje district. All the sites were high flow pedestrian locations that met the study objectives. The results indicated that adult women walked faster than their male counterparts in the city district while young males were faster than the female. The adult female recorded a mean speed of 73.90 m/min against 71.30 m/min for the adult male. The characteristics of the pedestrian in the city district are Speed 67.30 m/min; density 11.23 Ped/m2 and volume 33.60 Ped/m/min. In the Waje district, however, the male pedestrian whether adult or young walked faster than their corresponding female counterparts with speed of 71.45m/min for the adult male and 59.90 m/min for the adult female. The young male was faster than the young female by 17.9%. The pedestrian characteristics for the Waje district indicated a combine speed of 60.21 m/min; density of 8.72 Ped/sqm and volume of 30.92 Ped/m/min. The pedestrians in the city district had a higher flow rate, higher density and higher speed than those of the Waje district. This means the city district is a little more concentrated than the Waje district in terms of pedestrian flow. The aggregate characteristics of pedestrians in the metropolitan area gave the following parameters: Speed 68.92 m/min; density 10.03 Ped/m2 and volume 32.33 Ped/m/min. The predictive models for Kano showed a free flow speed of 59.86 m/min and a maximum flow rate of 72.40 Ped/m/min. Comparing the Kano pedestrian model with other countries it was found that the Kano pedestrian walked slower than pedestrians from Singapore and the United States.
| 7 |
Author(s):
Yekeen, N.A., Abdullahi, A.T..
Page No : 42-47
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THERMOCHEMICAL HEAT TREATMENT OF MEDIUM CARBON STEEL (Nst 60-2) IN THE ATMOSPHERE OF NATURAL NITROGENOUS MATERIALS
Abstract
Thermo-chemical heat treatment behaviour of medium carbon steel grade (Nst 60-2) is investigated using nitrogenous materials. In this study the effect of carbonitriding and nitriding on the formation and decomposition of martensite and other phases of steel are investigated. Tensile specimen with and without notch were produced and subjected to Nitriding with Bean Leaves (NIBL), Nitriding with Cow Dung (NIBL), Carbonitriding with Charcoal and Bean Leaves (CNCBL) and Carbonitriding with Charcoal and Cow Dung (CNCCD). Microstructural examinations and chemical analyses of the samples were conducted. The ductility, ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of the heat treated samples were determined from their stress- strain curves. The Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) was observed to be 42% higher for NICD specimen as a result of the grain re-arrangement, followed by that of CNCCD specimen with 36% then CNCBL with 27% and NIBL with 24% increase compared with the control specimen which had UTS of 1248.56 N/mm2. Experimental results were analyzed graphically to reveal the variations that complemented the microstructures. The case of the steel became hardened with soft core, thereby making the steel component to be tough and wear resistant. The average UTS for thermo-chemically heat treated specimens are the same with or without a notch, but the average Yield Stresses (YS) are 2.3-4.2% lower for specimens without notch.
| 8 |
Author(s):
Lukman A. Yusuf, Nuraddeen Magaji.
Page No : 48-55
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PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF POSITION CONTROL OF INVERTED PENDULUM USING PID AND FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLERS
Abstract
Stability is a very necessary state in control system and it becomes more difficult to achieve for a non-linear system. This paper looked at Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) of Inverted pendulum for the control of the angle position. A conventional Proportional plus Integra plus Derivative (PID) controller was used to validate the proposed scheme. The FLC scheme was designed with the joint angle error and its derivative as the input to the controller. The Fuzzy controller provides control signal (force) that keep the angle of the pendulum at an equilibrium point despite disturbances. On the other hand, a model based PID controller was designed by turning its gains to achieve a precise stable position for the pendulum angle. In both control schemes a MATLAB simulink environment was used. The results show that under linearized model, FLC settled within 1.2 seconds without overshoot as compared with settling time of 92.0 seconds and 45% overshoot for PID. Similarly, for nonlinear model, settling time of 1.0 seconds and zero overshoots were recorded for FLC, whereas, settling time of 24.0 seconds, undershoot of -275% and a large value of 2.10 radians of steady state error were recorded for conventional PID controller. This implies that, Fuzzy logic controller proved to be more superior to the conventional PID controller most especially when the system is not linearized base on the performance index used. Therefore, both controllers can serve as valuable and effective controllers for the system.
| 9 |
Author(s):
Tambaya, M., Aliyu, A.B..
Page No : 56-64
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SIMULATION OF A CHARCOAL FIRED HEAT DRIVEN COOLER
Abstract
A thermodynamic simulation of a charcoal heat driven absorption refrigeration cycle was carried out. The simulation was performed in order to investigate the performance of the cooler and the effect the generator temperature has over the coefficient of performance (COP) on a single absorption refrigeration system that uses charcoal heat energy as a primary source. A 10 kg of water was used as design load to cool from ambient temperature of 32oC to a desirable temperature of 10oC. The temperature of the evaporator is 10oC while the condenser temperature is 40oC. The high and low system pressures are 16 atm and 4 atm respectively. The refrigerant-absorbent mixture is Ammonia-water. The system requires two effective heating hours to generate the refrigeration needed by the cooler. It was found that as generator temperature increases, the performance decreases. The paper provides theoretical basis for designing a cooler with heat provided by burning charcoal in a stove.
